Are you taking Medicines or Poisons

GET READY TO READ A BITTER REALITY

India has become a dumping ground for banned drugs ; also the business for production of banned drugs is booming. Plz make sure that u buy drugs only if prescribed by a doctor(Also, ask which company manufactures it, thiswould help to ensure that u get what is prescribed at the Drug Store) and that also from a reputed drug store. Not many people know about these banned drugs and consume them causing a lot of damage to themselves. People just look for drugs ahich give them sudden relief and they never care for its after effects. these drugs create them a severe patient for life.

DANGEROUS DRUGS THESE DRUGS HAVE BEEN GLOBALLY DISCARDED BUT ARE AVAILABLEIN INDIA . The most common ones are D cold, action 500 & Nimulid.


ANALGIN:
This is a pain-killer. Reason for ban: Bone marrow depression.
Brand name: Novalgin
___________________________________________________________
CISAPRIDE:
Acidity, constipation. Reason for ban : irregular heartbeat
Brand name : Ciza, Syspride
____________________________________________________________
DROPERIDOL:
Anti-depressant. Reason for ban : Irregular heartbeat.
Brand name : Droperol
______________________________________________________________
FURAZOLIDONE:
Antidiarrhoeal. Reason for ban : Cancer.
Brand name : Furoxone, Lomofen
_____________________________________________________________
NIMESULIDE:
Painkiller, fever. Reason for ban : Liver failure.
Brand name : Nise, Nimulid
________________________________________________________________________

NITROFURAZONE:
Antibacterial cream. Reason for ban : Cancer.
Brand name : Furacin
________________________________________________________________________

PHENOLPHTHALEIN:
Laxative. Reason for ban : Cancer.
Brand name : Agarol
________________________________________________________________________
PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE:
cold and cough. Reason for ban : stroke.
Brand name : D'cold, Vicks Action-500
________________________________________________________________________
OXYPHENBUTAZONE:
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Reason for ban : Bone marrow depression.
Brand name : Sioril
_______________________________________________________________________
PIPERAZINE:
Anti-worms. Reason for ban : Nerve damage.
Brand name : Piperazine
________________________________________________________________________
QUINIODOCHLOR:
Anti-diarrhoeal. Reason for ban : Damage to sight.
Brand name : Enteroquinol

FORWARD THIS ARTICLE TO EVERYONE YOU KNOW. LET US MAKE THEM FREE FROM IATROGENIC DISEASES

Return to basic

Are we returning to the basics

Check how we are returning to the spot from where we started.

2000 B.C. - "Here, eat this root."

1000 B.C. - "That root is heathen, say this prayer."

1850 A.D. - "That prayer is superstitious, drink this potion."

1940 A.D. - "That potion is snake oil, swallow this pill."

1985 A.D. - "That pill is ineffective, take this antibiotic."

2000 A.D. - "That antibiotic is artificial. Here, eat this root!"

Understand Halitosis or bad odor

Some of you might be suffering from chronic or acute foul
odor from mouth, medical science terms it as Halitosis.We normally neglect this
symptom which actually gives us a clue about a dormant acute or chronic disease.
By checking this symptom correctly we could understand the underlying disease
and thus can cure it from the root.

Some disorders will produce specific, characteristic odors
to the

1. A fruity odor to the breath occurs as the body attempts
to get ridof excess acetone through the breathing. This is a
characteristicsign of ketoacidosis, which may occur in diabetes, and is a
potentially life-threatening condition.

2. A fecal odor to the breath (the breath smells like
feces) can occur with prolonged vomiting, especially when there is a bowel
obstruction. It may also occur temporarily if a person has a nasogastric tube (a tube placed through the nose or mouth to the stomach to drain the stomach contents) in place.

3. The breath may have an ammonia-like odor (also described
as urine-like or fishy in people with chronic kidney failure.

Causes

If previously normal breath turns into halitosis, causes
could include:

• Food or beverages consumed (such as cabbage, garlic, raw

onions, or coffee)

• Vitamin supplements (especially in large doses)

• Poor dental hygiene

• Dentures

• Cavities

• Tobacco smoking

• Alcoholism

• Throat infection

• Sinusitis

• Lung infection

• Gum disease (gingivitis, gingivostomatitis)

• Abscessed tooth

• Impacted tooth

• Foreign body in the nose (usually in children)

• Often (but not always) there is a white, yellowish, or

bloody discharge from one nostril

• Drugs

• Paraldehyde

• Triamterene and inhaled anesthetics

• Insulin - injection

 

Diseases that may be associated with breath
odor (not presented in

order of likelihood -- some are extremely unlikely):

• Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis

• Acute necrotizing ulcerative mucositis

• Acute renal failure

• Bowel obstruction (can cause breath to smell like feces)

• Bronchiectasis

• Chronic renal failure (can cause breath to smell like

ammonia)

• Diabetes (fruity or sweet chemical smell with
ketoacidosis)

• Esophageal cancer

• Gastric carcinoma

• Gastrojejunocolic fistula (fruity-smelling breath)

• Hepatic encephalopathy

• Diabetic ketoacidosis

• Lung abscess

• Ozena, or atrophic rhinitis

• Periodontal disease

• Pharyngitis

• Zenker's diverticulum

 

Home Care/How to prevent

1. Use proper dental hygiene (especially flossing), and
remember that Mouthwashes are not effective in treating the underlying
problem.

2. Fresh parsley or a strong mint are often effective ways
to fight temporary bad breath. Avoid smoking. Otherwise, follow
prescribed therapy to treat the underlying cause.

 

When to Contact a Medical Professional

• Breath odor persists and there is not an obvious cause

 (such as smoking or eating odor-causing foods).

• You have breath odor and signs of a respiratory
infection,

such as documented fever, cough, or facial pain with nasal
discharge

 

The medical history will be obtained, and a physical
examination

performed.

Medical history questions documenting breath odor in detail
may

include:

> • Is there a specific odor?

> • Is there a fishy smell?

> • Does the breath smell like ammonia or urine?

> • Does the breath smell like fruit or is there a sweet-

> chemical smell?

> • Does the breath smell like feces?

> • Does the breath smell like alcohol?

> • Has the person recently eaten a spicy meal, garlic,

> cabbage, or other "odorous" food?

> • Does the person take vitamin supplements?

> • Does the person smoke?

> • Does good oral hygiene improve the odor?

> • What home care measures have been tried? How effective
are

> they?

> • Is there a recent sore throat, sinus infection, tooth

> abscess, or other illness?

> • What other symptoms are also present?

The physical examination will include a thorough
examination of the

mouth and the nose. A throat culture may be taken if the
patient

has a sore throat or mouth sores.

In rare cases, diagnostic tests that may be performed
include:

• Endoscopy (EGD)

• X-ray of the abdomen

• X-ray of the chest

• Blood tests to screen for diabetes or renal failure

Antibiotics may be prescribed for some conditions. For an
object in

the nose, the doctor will use an instrument to remove it.

lease observe your digestive system, in most of the cases
it is main

reason behind bad breath.

 

Ayurvedic view point

One way to observe is to observer your stool habit &
observe if you

are getting allot of pitta generated in your stomach if you
stay empty

stomach after you have completed morning activities(no
water/no food).

 

4 Sure-Fire Tips For Effective Weight Loss

Are you just plain fed up because you haven't lost weight for a long time now on that latest fad diet, well please stop! Don't even think about trying another diet, because it will only produce the same results as you have already seen before.
Have a look at the four sure fire tips found below that are based on "Scientific Principles" that have always been around, but are not followed by the majority of weight loss programs you see these days.
So let’s have a look:
1. Increasing Your Metabolism
In order to produce Sustained, Permanent and Long-Term Weight Loss, it's imperative that you boost your metabolism. And the most effective way to raise your metabolism is to have a greater proportion of functional muscle on your body.
The only way to build this lean muscle so you can raise your metabolism is through "Strength Training". There's no other method that works wonders on the Metabolism like Strength Training.
By performing Strength Training, you'll effectively increase the amount of functional lean muscle on your body so that your metabolism will elevate.
After a Strength Training session your body will undergo a significant increase or "Spike" in Metabolism, which will allow you to burn much more fat then you were able to before.
2. It's All About Lean Muscle
"The amount of fat the body can burn is directly related to the more lean muscle your body can hold."
If your muscle system can sustain more energy and use this energy significantly when performing strength training, then it will be able to burn off the calories you eat and the excess fat on your body.
In other words, if your muscles become stronger and can hold more energy then you should be able to release this energy more efficiently to increase your metabolism, and to burn off excess calories that you have eaten.
Once we can build more lean muscle through our own strength, then our bodies will become more efficient at burning fat.
It's also the amount of lean muscle on your body that makes you look good Once you burn off the excess fat from your body, the lean muscle underneath your skin will be exposed making you look healthy, energetic, and well toned.
3. Decrease Your Daily Calories
For years now, we have been told to use dieting to rid the excess fat from our bodies.
The trouble with this concept is that the low calorie restricted diet would throw the body into starvation mode, with the body holding onto the fat and using precious muscle tissue for energy.
This would then lower the metabolism causing greater muscle loss and when the diet is broken the unwanted fat would not only return but actually increase because to the lowered metabolism.
The way around this is to cut your daily calorie intake by a small amount of calories only. This will stop any starvation mechanisms from clicking in. You can do this by making up a seven day eating plan and writing down every thing you eat for the week, and then work out the calories you have eaten with a calorie counter. Divide this figure by seven and you have your daily calorie value.
Decrease daily calorie value by a couple of hundred calories per day and no more. This will generate slow weight loss and the majority will be fat loss only. The daily calories should be consumed during the day with small frequent meals.
4. Fast Walking Burns Fat
All you need to do now is incorporate "Fast Walking" into your weight loss program to hasten the burning of excess fat.
Not only is fast walking better much easier on the hips, but it also produces a greater percentage of fat loss as opposed to jogging or running.
Here are some of the benefits of Fast Walking.

Easy to Perform
Most Conventional
All Natural Body Movement
Doesn't Cause Injuries
Can Be Done Anywhere
The Best Minimal Effort Exercise for Fat Loss

"I can't stress enough how Fast Walking is necessary in every weight loss program."
Your next step? To take what you have just learned and apply them to your weight daily weight loss regime.






About the Author



Gary Matthews is the author of the popular fitness eBooks Maximum Weight Loss and Maximum Weight Gain. Please visit http://www.maximumfitness.com right now for your 'free' weight loss e-course.

Thinner and Younger

Low Calorie Diet and Aging

Preliminary study demonstrates calorie restriction in diet reduces markers of aging

Can eating a low-calorie yet nutritionally balanced diet extend human life? Preliminary research suggests it might, so researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis are launching a long-term study to find out.

In an editorial in the April 5 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association, Luigi Fontana, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of medicine at Washington University and an investigator at the Istituto Superiore di Sanita in Rome, Italy, says calorie-restricted diets point to possible mechanisms of aging and suggest ways to intervene and modify its effects.

In January, Fontana and colleagues found that after an average of six years on calorie restriction, people's hearts functioned like the hearts of much younger people. And a team from the Pennington Biomedical Research Center at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge is reporting that six months of calorie restriction reduces two key markers of aging: fasting insulin levels and body temperature.

More than a decade ago several researchers, including John O. Holloszy, M.D., professor of medicine at Washington University, demonstrated that stringent and consistent caloric restriction increased the maximum lifespan in mice and rats by about 30 percent and protected them against atherosclerosis and cancer.

Human study has been difficult because calorie restriction requires a very strict diet regimen, both to keep the total number of calories low and to insure that people consume the proper balance of nutrients. Some people from a group called the Calorie Restriction Society are devoted to limiting their caloric intake in hopes of improving their health and extending their lives. Society members, who call themselves CRONies (Calorie Restriction with Optimal Nutrition), have developed ways to eat low calorie/high nutrition diets.

Fontana has done extensive research with CRONies, most recently reporting in the Jan. 17 issue of the Journal of the American College of Cardiology that the hearts of people on calorie restriction appeared more elastic than those of age- and gender-matched control subjects. Their hearts were able to relax between beats in a way similar to the hearts of younger people.

The team from the Pennington Biomedical Research Center reports in the April 5 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association on a six-month study of men and women between 25 and 50 who were placed on a calorie restriction diet that lowered their daily caloric intake by about 25 percent. The researchers compared those on calorie restriction to subjects who either had not been on a diet, had cut calories by about 12.5 percent and increased the energy they burned through exercise by a like amount, or had spent six months on a standard low-calorie diet of about 1,800 to 2,000 calories per day until they had lost 15 percent of their body weight.

The study, called the Comprehensive Assessment of the Long Term effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE), found that all subjects who dieted or increased their exercise lost weight and body fat. But those on a calorie restriction diet ended the study with lower fasting insulin levels and lower core body temperatures. They also had less oxidative damage to their DNA, thought to be a marker of aging at the biochemical and cellular level.

"This study has laid the groundwork for future research into the long-term effects of calorie restriction in humans to see whether it really can extend lifespan," Holloszy says. "It's becoming clear from studies with the CRONies -- and from this brief, prospective study -- that calorie restriction does change some of the markers we associate with aging."

Holloszy and Fontana are getting ready to launch a second phase of the CALERIE study, to look at the effects of calorie restriction over the course of two years.

"We know people on calorie restriction will lose weight," says Fontana. "But this study isn't a weight-loss study. We're hoping to learn more about whether calorie restriction can alter the aging process.

Fontana says, for example, that low-grade, chronic inflammation seems to mediate aging. Overweight and obese people tend to have higher levels of inflammation than lean people, so it makes sense that losing weight might increase average lifespan by lowering the risks of some age-related diseases, such as diabetes and atherosclerosis. But in animal studies not only did more of the animals live longer, the maximum length of a rat's or mouse's life also increased. The CALERIE study hopes to get some clues about whether calorie restriction might do the same thing for humans.

"We want to learn whether calorie restriction can reverse some of these markers of aging in healthy young people," Holloszy says. "It's going to be many years before we know whether calorie restriction really lengthens life, but if we can demonstrate that it changes these markers of aging, such as DNA damage and inflammation, we'll have a pretty good idea that it's somehow influencing the aging process at the cellular level."

Yoga V's Pilates - A Difference Of Consciousness

Yoga is a transformative art, and deceptively simple. At least, although the advanced yoga postures are in fact difficult to the unpracticed, and look it, the changes that yoga can bring into one's life belie the apparent simplicity of stretching muscles.

After all, we stretch muscles at the gym during a warm up. So what is the basic difference between yoga and regular workouts, including pilates. Pilates, after all, took some of its inspiration from yoga. Or at least the aspect of yoga that is made of the physical exercises, the asanas.

Yoga integrates the breath and consciousness with physical stretches in a way that I haven't even felt in pilates, although pilates is great as a way of strengthening the internal muscles of the body as well, particularly the pelvic floor.

But in yoga, through the breath, and focusing on it within our body, we come to a greater understanding of both our body and ourselves. We begin a more conscious relationship with our individuality. We meet that unique expression of ourselves expressing physically in that moment. And we are able to begin a process of changing that which is blocking the vital flow of our energy.

That is why it doesn't matter what state we are in when we begin practising a yoga posture. We might be more or less stiff, or in pain, or distracted, than usual. It is a journey of discovery, not of trying to fit ourselves into an external idea, even if that idea is represented in that moment by the yoga posture we are trying to do. Desikachar writes that the body can "only gradually accept an asana". We should not strain ourselves, or judge ourselves, if we cannot fit into that posture. That posture is a possible outcome, yes, but what we do in our practice of yoga is to take the journey.

Desikachar makes another important point: "We should remain flexible so that we are still able to react to changes in our expectations and old ideas. The more distanced we are from the fruits of our labors, the better we are able to do this... Paying more attention to the spirit in which we act and looking less to the results our actions may bring us - this is the meaning of isvarapranidhana in kriya yoga"

The asanas are a way of preparing ourselves to more fully meet the challenges of life in a way that does not throw us off balance, and increases our capacity to adapt to those changes that are inherent in life. They allow us to be more sensitive and aware to what is really going on inside us, and in life itself. This growing self knowledge then provides us with a more complete picture in which our responses to whatever situations confront us more accurately reflects what is truly present. There is a deeper engagement that goes beyond the vagrancies of the mind, the self doubt, the domination of our preconceptions and expectations, or our need for something to be a certain way.

When we are distracted or preoccupied with doubts, worries, and fears, and even hope that is attached to an outcome (need), the vital energy of our whole being is leaking, diffused. Through yoga practice, we are able to clear the detritus, to redirect our diffused energy within, to sit within the body, our being, again. This is an energetic aspect of self-mastery. Integral to this is the knowledge of oneself as whole, and simultaneously a part of the wholeness that is within everything.

References: Desikachar, Heart Of Yoga

Article Source: http://bestinfobay.com
By: Rebecca Prescott

Diagnosed with Diabetes: Now What?

If you have been diagnosed with diabetes, it is not the end of the world. Today one fifth of the world’s population has been diagnosed with diabetes, this being more so in developed countries. In the United States alone, more than twenty million cases of diabetes have been diagnosed. Your first thought after hearing of your diagnosis may have been that you cannot live with the condition. However, please understand that diabetes is quite manageable.

Once you are diagnosed with diabetes, try to identify a doctor who that you want to care for you for the rest of your life. You cannot do away with diabetes. You face it and begin learning to live with it. You doctor will very likely recommend a glucose meter and strips for carrying out your regular blood sugar testing. It is possible that Medicare or other insurance may cover your glucose meter and strips. You may be reimbursed by the policy for the cost.

The first thing that you need to plan on doing is getting regular exercise. Walking is the most preferred form. If have leg problems, a nice alternative is swimming. If you are offered the choice of taking the stairs or the elevator, then opt for the stairs and burn some calories.

The second most important thing that you need to do is eat less. Remember that you will be able have better control of your diabetes if you are within your weight limits. Most diabetic patients are over weight. Cut down on weight and half your problems are solved, not to mention that you will look healthier with less flab. The best foods are barley and brown bread. Learn to keep a tab of what you eat and what you could avoid eating. Do a home blood glucose test after a meal to check how your blood is affected. If your glucose levels are high then avoid the particular dish causing the increase.

Article Source: http://bestinfobay.com

Compilation on Pseudarthria viscida on ayurvedic view point

India and Traditional Medicine

“We are the birds of the same nest,
We may wear different skins,
We may speak different languages,
We may believe in different religions
We may belong to different cultures
Yet we share the same home- Our Earth”

Translated from the sacred Vedic text, Atharvaveda, these humble lines of poetry capture the essence of a nation synonymous with diversity , biological , cultural , ethnic, racial ,in all facets of life and existence and yet harboring a subtle oneness, a oneness found on infinite tolerance and universal acceptance .Famed to have been the largest trading and oldest seafaring civilization, India has been a subject to influxes of people through out it’s history, some coming under arm to loot and conquer, others moving in to trade an settle. India received both these people and accepted them as her own, along with their culture and tradition.
India’s history begins not with the independence in 1947, but more than 4500 years earlier, when the Indus valley civilization flourished over the northern region of the subcontinent. With its complex culture and specialized artifacts, this civilization had refined and advanced knowledge in every field including in that of medicine, even dentistry as later discoveries have revealed. The much disputed and very significant Aryan invasion took place during 1500BC. Aryans were a group of nomadic people from Central Asia equipped with a highly refined Indo-European language. They assimilated the existing indigenous Dravidians into their culture and redefined the existing norms and knowledge regarding daily and seasonal routines for health, law and administration, rites regarding birth and death and every other aspects of life. This was later known as the Vedas. Vedas are classified into 4-Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda and Atharvaveda. Of which Ayurveda is considered as the Upaveda or a limb of Atharvaveda.
Around the same time ayurveda was further divided into eight branches of medicine. The Ashtangas or the eight part of ayurveda consist of Kaya Chikitsa (general medicine),Bala Chikitsa(Pediatrics), Shalakya Chikitsa (ent), Graha Chikitsa (psychiatry), Jara Chikitsa (Gerontology), Agadatantra (toxicology), Salya Chikitsa (Surgery), Vrsa Chikitsa (Fertility ).There were also 2 schools of ayurveda at that time. They were the Atreya School of medicine and the Dhanvantari School of medicine. While the Atreya School of medicine were mainly physicians Dhanvantari School of medicine were surgeons. These two school of medicine made ayurveda more scientifically verifiable and reliable medical system. Through research and testing they expelled the wrong concepts and corrected the doubts. Consequently ayurveda started to grow as a respected and widely accepted medical system in India. People from various countries came to India to study this highly gifted branch of medicine. It soon started to spread to different parts of the world like China, Tibet, Greece, Rome, Egypt, Afghanistan, and to Arabia. Different countries started to send their physicians to study ayurveda and to practice and spread it in their country along with their own system of medicine.
But durin the British colonial rule in India, the importance f ayurveda started to decline as the English started to promote their system of medicine and started to impose ban on practicing ayurveda. As a result there was a great gap in the development of ayurveda medicine. On one hand when the allopathic system of medicine was gaining huge popularity ang acceptance among the people the demand for ayurveda was decreasing.
But in the early 20th centaury, ayurvedic physicians started to organize themselves into professional groups .This step proved to be a renaissance for Ayurveda and its physicians. India today is rapidly developing nation, with an economy depending on Agriculture and IT sector. Along with time ayurveda has also regained its place in the mind of people. More over the common people has also realized the importance and power of ayurveda. As such ayurveda efficiently caters the need of majority of people with average living standards and also supplements mainstream medicine in curing chronic illness and compacting harmful side effects
Today it is the awakening period of ayurveda, a rebirth with improved strength and potency. However every one should have to accept the fact that tomorrow is the day for ayurveda
Dravyaguna
Dravyaguna is a branch of ayurveda which can be correlated to the materia medica of the modern medicine.The ayurvedis texts define Dravyaguna vijanan as the saience dealing with the guna, karma, prayoga and other therapeutical uses of a dravya or a drug. Ayurveda has given great importance for the study of dravya guna as it gives knowledge of drugs-which are considered as the weapons of the physicians to fight against their enemy called roga or disease. A vaidya who does not possess a good knowledge about Dravyaguna vijana is considered as a soldier who is ina war and does not know how to use it effectively. The proper knowledge of Dravyaguna will only provide a good result.

Ayurveda can be said to be built on 4 pillars. They can be elaborated as The Physician, Dravya, A good nurse, and an obedient Patient. The importance of dravya is further stressed here by considering it as one among the four important pillars of ayurveda. A building is not stable until os unless it has strong pillars to support it. Like that Dravyaguna gives a good basement for the building up of the rest of the building. Stronger the basics stronger will be the building. Like wise it is important for the vaidya to study the Dravyaguna to be successful in this field.

So every physician should give importance for the study of Dravyaguna as it is an important pillar of ayurveda and also helps in treatment. With out this a physician cannot be able to cure a patient

Drug introduction
The drug which has been studied in this work is the classical drug called as Saliparni. Saliparni is common classical drug which has been mentioned in various ayurvedic classical texts. It is a commonly available plant with a wide range of uses.

Like with some ayurvedic drugs, there is confusion regarding the identification and nomenclature of the plant. While the vaidyas in the northern part of India consider it as the species Desmodium gangeticum, the vaidyas of the south identifies it as the species Pseudarthria viscida. Since the work has been done in south India the species Pseudarthria viscida has been studied and explained in this work.

History of saliparni.
Saliparni has been used as a potent ayurvedic drug from the period of Samhitas. The drug has been mentioned in various ayurvedic texts like Carka Samhita, susruta samhita, ashtanga hridaya, ashtanga samgraha etc. various preparations which contain Saliparni are mentioned in these samhitas. The drug has also found its place in ayurvedic nighantus or dictionaries like that of Bhavaprakasha, kaiyadeva nighantu, adarsha nighantu etc

However like some ayurvedic drugs it is not clear that when the physicians started to use Saliparni as a medicinal plant. Also the period of discovery of its medicinal property is also unknown.

But it should be noted that even today Saliparni is used as potent drug both in single and combined form curing many diseases.

About the drug
Sanskrit name – Salaparni, Saliparni

Vernacular names –
Hindi – Sarivan
Bengali – Shalapani
Tamil – Neermalli
Telugu – Meyyakuponna
Malayalam – Muvila


Latin name – Pseudarthria viscida Linn

Family – Papilionacea

Kulam – Shimbi kulam

Ganam –
(a) According to Caraka
Angamarda prasamana, blya, snehopaga,shvythuhara, madhura skandha
(b) According to Susrutha
Vidarigandhadi, lagupancamula

Upakula - Aparajitha



Synonyms

The various synonyms according to various ayurvedic texts are,

<1> vidarigandha – The arises as the kanda or the stem has the smell similar to that of vidari(Ipomea digitata)

<2> amsumati –It is named so due to the shape of it’s root which resembles the rays of sun

<3>Salaparni – The name orginatd due to its similarity to the leaves to that of leaves of sala tree (shorea robusta)

<4> Sthira – It is so called, as its root exists in the land for a long period of time.

<5> Dirghapatra – As it has long and narrow leaves

<6> Dirghamula – This name arised due to its long roots

<7> Dhirghangi – This name originated due to its long limbed branches.

<8>Ekamula – It is named so as it has a single root

<9> Saliparni – The name originated due to its resemblance of its leaves to the leaves of that of Sali or Paddi

<10> Vrihiparni – The name aroused due to the similarity of its leaves to that of Vrihi or a Bear

These are the various synonyms widely used to refer Saliparni in the nighantus like Saligrama nighantu and Dhanvantari nighantu
Distribution and habitat

Saliparni is a common plant found in almost all districts of southern parts of India. It is mainly seen in areas from southwards of the river Godavari. It is very common in Kerala, where it is found in areas of sea level to up to that of 3000feet in the hills. It grows well in the dry gravelling soil under cover and also as undergrowth in damp forest. It is mainly seen as a weed and grows wildly through out.
Habit


It is villous or viscid, pubescent, semi erect, or more often diffusely creeping “Desmodium like” perennial under shrub up to 2 feet high with several slender, mostly prostrate or tailing branches with long internodes often rooting at the nodes, bearing palmately trifoliate leaves almost invariably marked with pale green or greenish white irregular patches. They have elongate filiform racemes of small bright purplish or pink flowers and very sticky or adhering pods about three fourth of an inch long and quarter inch broad.


External morphology

Branches
Branches are many. They are 2-4 feet long or even longer. The branches are covered with soft fine grayish white pubescence.




Leaves
Leaves are pinnately trifoliate, alternate, and stipulate. Stipules are free and hairy. The leaves are lanceolate, subulate or cuspidate. They are 4.5-6mm long deciduous. They have leaflets with filiform stipules below. Lateral leaflets are rhombiform or ovate. They are present one or two inches either way. The terminal one, to be rhomboid ovate. Petioles are densely hairy and half to one inch long.

Inflorescence
They have a fairly long terminal erect hairy raceme often with one or more smaller branches arising from the axils of the uppermost leaves.

Flower

Flowers are many, small, deep purple, red or pink color. They are arranged in distantly placed fascicles of 2 to 4 or comparatively long spreading, filiform pedicels jointed or articulated close beneath the calyx. Bracts are narrow lanceolate subulate calyx about a tenth of an inch long, hairy canpanulate left to middle in 2 obscure lips, 5 toothed- the upper two subconnate forming an upper lip
Corolla is nearly twice as long as the calyx. They are papilionaceous, exerted and with petals nearly equal.
Stamens are diadelphous- nine and one. Anthers are uniform. Ovary is sub sessile and many ovules. Style short subulate or filiform

Fruit

A flat compressed or slightly inflated linear oblong indehiscent one celled legume half to three quarters of an inch long and about one fourth an inch broad. With its chamber continuous with in. the valves of the fruit are membranous transversely, veined and closely covered with many stiff hooked viscid hairs. The sutures are densely ciliate but not usually intended or only slightly indented.

Seed

Seeds are varying from four to six. They are brownish black in color, compressed and some what reniform in structure.

Histology

The transverse section is circular. It shows a central strand of wood, a narrow bark and a thin dark brown strip of cork.
The cork tissue is compressed of 10-15 rows of thick walled rectangular cells. Those towards the periphery often have dark brown contents. A distinct phellogen with a few rows of phelloderm within is made out
The cortex is comparatively narrow and composed of oblong cells. A noteworthy feature of this region is the presence of short tangential rows or series of very large thin walled cells filled with brownish contentswithin the broadened distal ends of the medullary rays. Small irregular groups of sclerenchyma also occur here. The medullary rays are 2-3 and their cells are loaded with stacks. The phloem is of usual type. The xylem or wood is composed of a large portion of wood fibers, a small amount of xylem. Parenchyma and xylem vessels, in addition to the medullary rays. The xylem parenchyma cells contain starch
There is no pith at the centre

Officinal part

Roots are the commonly used part however the whole plant is also used


Chemical constituents

Root contain yellow resinous matter, oil, alkaline substance and 6% ash


Controversy

There exists a controversy and dilemma in identifying the two classical drugs Saliparni and Prisniparni.
In the northern parts of India Saliparni is identified as desmodium gangeticum where as in the southern belt which includes states like kerala it is identified as pseudarthria viscida. And moreover desmodium gangeticum is used as prisniparni here. Many commentators of ayurveda materia medica also identify Saliparni as desmodium gangeticum. This has caused confusion in the meanings of Sanskrit words Saliparni and prisniparni.
Even Bhavamisra has made the same mistake. This can be seen from the following quotation where he says simhapucchi can be used in the place of prisniparni ,forgetting the fact that he had given the name simhapucchi as a synonym to prisniparni.he had used the synonym triparni for salaparni where triparni means a plant with three leaves, this proves that prisniparni a plant with one leaf cannot be designated as triparni. It is in the light of the above statements that we consider salaprni as pseudarthria viscida

Substitutes and adulterants

Even though a controversy exists in regard to identification of species, some species of Desmodium are used as substitutes. The commonly used varieties are Desmodium tilaefolium and desmodium polycarpous.
Adulterants are rare. This is due to the fact that Saliparni is common plant and grows through out India.

Identifying characters

The plant can be identifying the following characters

Morphological

The roots are comparatively narrow, woody, dark brown in color with the surface profusely lenticellate and some what warty but not hard. The surface skin is thin and exfoliating. It has a light brown inner layer. There is a thin strand of wood in the center

Anatomical

the cork tissue is comprised of 10-15 rows of rectangular cells with fairly thick walls
the cortex is a narrow zone. A conspicuous and noteworthy feature of this region is the presence of few celled groups in tangential rows of very large thin walled cells with brownish contents, small groups of sclerenchyma also occur
the wood is composed of large proportion of wooden fibres

Taste and Odour
The roots have astringent taste but no special odour

Rasa Pancakam

Rasa - Madhura, Tikta

Guna- Guru, Snigdha

Veerya - Usna

Vipaka – Madhura


Dosa karmata

Saliparni helps in controlling all the three doshas equally. Thus it is a tridosa samaka dravya

Properties and action

Karma
Angamarda prasamana, nadi balya, deepanam, snehanam, anulomana, stambhana, krimighna, hrdya, sothahara, sonitha sthapana, kaphanihsaaraka, vrsya, muthrala, jwaraghna, balya, brmhana, rasayana

Action on different systems

Nervous System – cures
(1) Nadi dourbalya
(2) Vata vyadhi
(3) Dourbalya
(4) Sira sula

Digestive system – cures
(1) Agni mandya
(2) Koshta vata
(3) Atisara
(4) Vamana
(5) Arsa

Rheumatic – cures
(1) Vata rakta
(2) Anga marda
(3) Sotha


Cardiovascular system – cures
(1) Hrd roga
(2) Rakta vikara
(3) Hrcchula


Reproductive system – cures
(1) Sukra dourbalya
(2) Mudhagarbha

Respiratory system – cures
(1) Kasa
(2) Yaksma
(3) Ksaya

Urinary system – cures
(1) Mutrakrchra
(2) Prameha

It is used against Visama jwara

It is also used in Bala roga


Therapeutic uses

It is used as an alternative, anti helminthic, anti catarrahal, diuretic, expectorant, febrifuge, nervine tonic, anti diarrheal, stomachic and tonic. Drug is useful in asthma, brain disorders, fevers, inflammation, vomiting, and in bites like that of scorpion bites

The drug possesses astringent taste. It is used in general anescara, consumption, cough, diarrhea, fever including enteric fever, piles, respiratory disorders vomiting and worm infections

Studies show it as a Bronchodilator, Vasopressor, Analgesic, Antipyretic, Cardio tonic and stimulant action.

Dose

The average dosage of Saliparni decoction is 50-100 ml

Formulation

The drug is used as an ingredient of a number of official preparations of classical remedies such as Agastya haritaki rasayana, Brahma rasayana, Dasamula kwatha churna, Vidaryadi churna kwatha, Eladi gritha, Dasamula gritha, Dasamula satpalaka, Dadhika grtha, Sudarshana churna, Dhanvantara ghrita, Narayana taila, Madhuyastiyadi taila, Sahaccaradi taila, Manasamitra taila, Salaparnyadi kwatha, Laghu pancamula kwatha, Dasamularishta

Conclusion

Saliparni is a classical medicinal plant which has reference in almost all ayurvedic texts. It is a common plant in the southern parts of India which has wide use as medicinal plant.
Even though there are many medicinal preparations in ayurvedic texts, no important and serious research works have been done to discover its medicinal properties completely